Variable Modifiers

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In addition to the storage class specifier keywords, a declaration can use certain modifiers to alter some aspect of the identifier. The modifiers available are summarized in Function Modifiers.

The following table summarizes the effects of a modifier applied to a called function. For every modifier, the table shows the order in which the function parameters are pushed on the stack. Next, the table shows whether the calling program (the caller) or the called function (the callee) is responsible for popping the parameters off the stack. Finally, the table shows the effect on the name of a global function.

Calling Conventions:

Modifier	Push parameters	Pop parameters	Name change (only in C)
__cdecl1	Right to left	Caller	'_' prepended
__fastcall	Left to right	Callee	'@' prepended
__pascal	Left to right	Callee	Uppercase
__stdcall	Right to left	Callee	No change

¹ __cdecl is the default.

Note: Note: __fastcall and __stdcall are always name mangled in C++. See the description of the -VC option in BCC32.

See Also

• Tentative Definitions
• Possible Declarations
• External Declarations and Definitions
• Type Categories
• The Fundamental Types
• Initialization
• Declaration and Declarators
• Function Modifiers
• Mixed-Language Calling Conventions
• The keyword const
• The keyword volatile